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Tornado Webserver Recon Basics

 Tornado Web Server Recon Basics    Tornado is a python web server framework developed by FriendFeed . It can can scale to tens of thousands of open connections, making it ideal for long polling , WebSockets , and other applications that require a long-lived connection to each user. So this means it's an highly performant and companies like Facebook with scaling SaaS projects uses it for serving clients' needs. The labs I would be discussing in this post are provided by Attack Defense: Tornado Recon: Basics Tornado: Basic Authentication Tornado: Digest Authentication So let's begin Tornado Recon: Basics In this lab my ip is 192.96.75.3 Which web server software is running on the target server? Also find out the version. Use nmap. Execute the command by replacing <IP> with the one you have been assigned with nmap -sS -sV <IP> It is serving Tornado server on port 80 and version of the server is 5.1.1 What content is returned when a query is made to the base d...

Using cURL For Recon!

 

 Using cURL For Recon!

(client URL) is a command-line tool and library which primarily supports HTTP along with many other protocols. This makes it a good candidate for scripts as well as automation. The tool takes in at least one argument, i.e., the resource to fetch.

GET Request

The default HTTP requests made by cURL are GET requests. Let's try requesting the page from the GET section.

cURL - GET Request

cURL - GET Request 

$ curl http://inlanefreight.com/

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<html><head>
<title>401 Unauthorized</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Unauthorized</h1>
<p>This server could not verify that you are authorized to access the document
 requested.</p> 
 <hr>
<address>Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu) Server at inlanefreight.com Port 80</address>
</body></html>

Unlike browsers, cURL can't render HTML and run JavaScript, meaning the entire response is provided to us raw. As we can see above, the server returned a 401 Unauthorized page as we didn't specify the credentials. It's possible to view the raw HTTP requests using the "-v" switch to increase verbosity.

cURL - GET Request Verbose

cURL - GET Request Verbose 

$  curl http://inlanefreight.com/ -v

*   Trying 192.168.0.108:80...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to inlanefreight.com (192.168.0.108) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: inlanefreight.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.3
> Accept: */*
> 
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
< Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2020 05:20:15 GMT
< Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)
< WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm="Restricted Content"
< Content-Length: 464
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
< 
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<html><head>
<title>401 Unauthorized</title>
</head><body>

<SNIP>

This time we see the HTTP headers being sent and received. cURL understands the standard URL format, which means we can specify credentials in the URL.

cURL - Basic AUTH Login

cURL - Basic AUTH Login 

[/htb]$  curl http://admin:password@inlanefreight.com/ -vvv

*   Trying 192.168.0.108:80...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to inlanefreight.com (192.168.0.108) port 80 (#0)
* Server auth using Basic with user 'admin'
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: inlanefreight.com
> Authorization: Basic YWRtaW46cGFzc3dvcmQ=
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.3
> Accept: */*
> 
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 302 Found
< Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2020 05:23:27 GMT
< Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)
< location: search.php
< Content-Length: 0
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8

<SNIP>

It parsed the credentials and added the Authorization header with the encoded data. The server then responded with 302 Found, which means authentication was successful.

Alternately, the "-u" flag can be used to specify credentials as well.

cURL - Basic AUTH Login

cURL - Basic AUTH Login 

$  curl -u admin:password  http://inlanefreight.com/ -vvv

*   Trying 192.168.0.108:80...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to inlanefreight.com (192.168.0.108) port 80 (#0)
* Server auth using Basic with user 'admin'
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: inlanefreight.com
> Authorization: Basic YWRtaW46cGFzc3dvcmQ=
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.3
> Accept: */*
> 
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 302 Found
< Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2020 05:25:25 GMT
< Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)
< location: search.php
< Content-Length: 0
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8

Unlike browsers, cURL doesn't redirect us to the specified location by default. The "-L" flag instructs curl to follow redirections.

cURL - Basic AUTH Login & Follow Redirections

cURL - Basic AUTH Login & Follow Redirections 

$ curl -u admin:password -L http://inlanefreight.com/

<html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
 charset=UTF-8">
    <title>Search Ports</title>

    <link href="./style.css" rel="stylesheet">
        </head>

  <body>
  <h1 align=center>Admin Dashboard</h1>
  <div class="container-narrow" style="width:820px">
<SNIP>

This time we're successfully redirected to the dashboard on "/search.php". cURL doesn't cache credentials as browsers do, which means we'll have to specify them per request. Let's try sending a GET request with the "port_code" parameter.

cURL - GET Request With Parameter

cURL - GET Request With Parameter 

$ curl -u admin:password 'http://inlanefreight.com/search.php?port_code=us'

<SNIP>
<tr><td style="width:400px" colspan=3>KR PUS</td><td style="width:400px" 
colspan=3>Busan</td><td style="width:450px" colspan=3>19.85</tr>
<tr><td style="width:400px" colspan=3>US LAX</td><td style="width:400px"
 colspan=3>Los Angeles</td><td style="width:450px" colspan=3>8.86</tr>
<tr><td style="width:400px" colspan=3>US NYC</td><td style="width:400px"
 colspan=3>New York</td><td style="width:450px" colspan=3>6.25</tr>
<tr><td style="width:400px" colspan=3>US SAV</td><td style="width:400px"
 colspan=3>Savannah</td><td style="width:450px" colspan=3>3.64</tr></tbody>
</table>
<SNIP>

The request was successful, and the results are returned.

POST Method

Let's try to login to the page from the POST section using cURL. The default "Content-Type" used by cURL is "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", the data for which can be passed using the "-d" flag.

cURL - Passing Data

cURL - Passing Data 

$ curl -d 'username=admin&password=password' -L http://inlanefreight.com/login.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" >
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <title>Inlanefreight</title>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="./style.css">

</head>
<body>
<!-- partial:index.partial.html -->
<hgroup>
  <h1>Admin panel</h1>
  <h3>

    </h3>
    </hgroup>
    <form action="" method="post">
      <div class="group">
        <input name="username" type="text"><span class="highlight"></span>
<span class="bar"></span>
        <label>Username</label>
      </div>
<SNIP>

cURL automatically sends a POST request when the "-d" flag is used. It's found that we're still on the login page even after specifying valid credentials. Let's use the "-v" switch to debug this.

cURL - Debug

cURL - Debug 

$ curl -d 'username=admin&password=password' -L 
http://inlanefreight.com/login.php -v

> POST /login.php HTTP/1.1
> Host: inlanefreight.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.3
> Accept: */*
> Content-Length: 32
> Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
> 
< HTTP/1.1 302 Found
< Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2020 06:45:35 GMT
< Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)
< Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=j8lf78vrq599vg2hi67miqt3so; path=/
< Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT
< Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate
< Pragma: no-cache
< Location: admin/dashboard.php

* Issue another request to this URL: 'http://inlanefreight.com/admin/dashboard.php'
* Switch from POST to GET
> GET /admin/dashboard.php HTTP/1.1
> Host: inlanefreight.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.3
> Accept: */*

< HTTP/1.1 302 Found
< Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2020 06:45:35 GMT
< Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)
< Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=v4b9c3nbjfnsin756c72jmjbnl; path=/
< Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT
< Location: /login.php
<
* Issue another request to this URL: 'http://inlanefreight.com/login.php'
> GET /login.php HTTP/1.1
> Host: inlanefreight.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.3
> Accept: */*
> 
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2020 06:45:35 GMT
< Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)
< Vary: Accept-Encoding
< Content-Length: 938
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8

The command above shows the entire communication process. First, the POST request is sent with the credentials, which is validated by the server. The server returns a 302 Found response and redirects us to the dashboard. cURL then attempts to send a GET request to the dashboard but is redirected back to the login page.

Why did this happen? On close observation, it can be seen that cURL didn't resend the cookies it received after logging in. This leads to authentication failure by the dashboard, ultimately leading to the redirect.

The "--cookie" or "--cookie-jar" option can be used to specify cookie usage in cURL. This can point to /dev/null or a file on the disk, where the cookies will be saved.

cURL - Cookie

cURL - Cookie 

curl -d 'username=admin&password=password' -L --cookie-jar /dev/null
 http://inlanefreight.com/login.php -v

> POST /login.php HTTP/1.1
> Host: inlanefreight.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.3
> Accept: */*
> Content-Length: 32
> Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
> 
* upload completely sent off: 32 out of 32 bytes
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 302 Found
< Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2020 06:53:15 GMT
< Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)
* Added cookie PHPSESSID="9gse3o6agurgbjugp81du90hco" for domain
 inlanefreight.com, path /, expire 0
< Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=9gse3o6agurgbjugp81du90hco; path=/
< Pragma: no-cache
< Location: admin/dashboard.php
< Content-Length: 938
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
< 

* Issue another request to this URL: 'http://inlanefreight.com/admin/dashboard.php'
* Switch from POST to GET
* Connected to inlanefreight.com (192.168.0.108) port 80 (#0)
> GET /admin/dashboard.php HTTP/1.1
> Host: inlanefreight.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.3
> Accept: */*
> Cookie: PHPSESSID=9gse3o6agurgbjugp81du90hco
> 
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2020 06:53:15 GMT
< Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)
< Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GM
< Content-Length: 845
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
< 

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" >
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <title>Dashboard</title>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/
normalize/5.0.0/normalize.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./style.css">

</head>
<body>
<hgroup>
<h1 align=center>Admin panel</h1>
<SNIP>

This time the cookie was attached to the subsequent requests, resulting in a successful login.

cURL - Cookie File

cURL - Cookie File 

$ curl -d 'username=admin&password=password' -L --cookie-jar cookies.txt
 http://inlanefreight.com/login.php

4Yemen@htb[/htb]$ cat cookies.txt 
# Netscape HTTP Cookie File
# https://curl.haxx.se/docs/http-cookies.html
# This file was generated by libcurl! Edit at your own risk.

inlanefreight.com       FALSE   /       FALSE   0       PHPSESSID 
 3rbv7tptmgv0m5u3lnc1dfjkr6

Specifying a file name as the argument saves the cookies to a file, which can be used to access the page later directly.

cURL - Cookie File

cURL - Cookie File 

$ curl http://inlanefreight.com/admin/dashboard.php -v

$ curl --cookie cookies.txt http://inlanefreight.com/admin/dashboard.php -v

> GET /admin/dashboard.php HTTP/1.1
> Host: inlanefreight.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.3
> Accept: */*
> Cookie: PHPSESSID=8r7dflu3a9i6n1ppos3cfal2v7
> 
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2020 07:00:27 GMT
< Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)
< Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT
< Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate
< Pragma: no-cache
< Vary: Accept-Encoding
< Content-Length: 845
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
< 
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" >
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <title>Dashboard</title>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/
normalize/5.0.0/normalize.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./style.css">

</head>
<body>
<hgroup>
<h1 align=center>Admin panel</h1>
<SNIP>

As we can see above, the first request without cookies failed, but the second one with the "--cookie" flag succeeded.

Content-Type header

It's also possible to send JSON data using cURL. This can be done by specifying the "application/json" header with the "-H" flag.

cURL - Content-Type

cURL - Content-Type 

$ curl -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{ "username" : "admin", "password"
 : "password" }' --cookie-jar /dev/null -L  http://inlanefreight.com/login.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" >
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <title>Dashboard</title>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/
normalize/5.0.0/normalize.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./style.css">

</head>
<body>
<hgroup>
<h1 align=center>Admin panel</h1>
<SNIP>

The "-H" option can be used to specify any header type. The response above shows that the login was successful with JSON data as well.

PUT and DELETE Methods

The "-X" option can be used to specify the request method to use.

cURL - OPTIONS Request

cURL - OPTIONS Request 

$ curl -X OPTIONS http://inlanefreight.com/ -vv

* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to inlanefreight.com 0 port 80 (#0)
> OPTIONS / HTTP/1.1
> Host: inlanefreight.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.3
> Accept: */*
> 
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Server: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)
< Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2020 07:03:22 GMT
< Content-Length: 0
< Connection: keep-alive
< DAV: 1
< Allow: GET,HEAD,PUT,DELETE,MKCOL,COPY,MOVE,PROPFIND,OPTIONS

The command above sent an OPTIONS request to the server. Let's try uploading a file using the PUT method.

cURL - File Upload

cURL - File Upload 

$ echo "curl file upload!" > test.txt

$ curl -X PUT -d @test.txt http://inlanefreight.com/test.txt -vv

* Connected to inlanefreight.com port 80 (#0)
$ curl http://inlanefreight.com/test.txt

curl file upload!

We first create a file named test.txt. The "@" symbol is used by cURL to read the file and send it's contents as the data. As we can see, the file was uploaded successfully and retrieved later.

The DELETE method can be used similarly.

cURL - DELETE Method

cURL - DELETE Method 

$ curl -X DELETE http://inlanefreight.com/test.txt -vv
*   Trying 192.168.0.108:80...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to inlanefreight.com (192.168.0.108) port 80 (#0)
$ curl http://inlanefreight.com/test.txt
<html>
<head><title>404 Not Found</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)</center>
</body>
</html>

As we can see above, the file was deleted successfully.


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